Authors Choice Leader Member Exchange Model

Authors Choice Leader Member Exchange Model Abstract The essay examines how Abraham Lincoln’s leadership style can be analyzed using Leader Member Exchange model. The essay shows various facets of Lincoln’s character, which score high on LMX. Further, it also shows that his leadership style was transformational in nature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Author’s Choice: Leader Member Exchange Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History holds account of many great leaders and one of them, undoubtedly, is Abraham Lincoln. This paper will study Abraham Lincoln’s leadership style using the Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX). The paper first explains the LMX model, and then demonstrates how the model explains Lincoln’s leadership style. LMX theory follows the basic principle of forming two groups around a leader – the inner group and the outer group. The followers belonging to the inner group of the leader immediately g ain greater responsibility, attention, and rewards. On the other hand, the followers belonging to the outer group receive less attention and rewards. The followers belonging to the inner circle of the leader directly communicate with the leader and the leader allows special treatment for them. In analyzing a leadership style using the LMX, it must be noted that a leader’s relationship with each follower is analyzed using a dyad. Each of the links or relationships will differ in their very nature. For instance, a leader may have poor relation with one of his/her followers, yet enjoy an open and trusting relation with others. Further, LMX leadership model helps in developing transformational leadership, as the model stresses highly on relationship of the leader with his/her followers. Thus, a leader who scores high in LMX model will help in transforming followers and motivate them to assume leadership roles. The leader gets an opportunity to deliver his visions to his close fol lowers. Hence, this helps in developing charismatic leaders. Quality LMX leads to satisfaction of the followers increasing their commitment and performance towards the leader’s goal. Further, a high LMX can transform the whole work-experience of a follower.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Abraham Lincoln was open to ideas. He adapted to situations quickly. He listened to his followers and was ready to act on the suggestions of his followers. This shows that Lincoln had positive relationship with his followers. However, in his relationships with his followers one must not forget that Lincoln was a constitutional leader and he, at times, had to work alone, as has been observed in the issue related to the abolition of slavery. Lincoln was criticized by many radical leaders of the time, as they believed that he was a ‘soft’ leader. Many believed that slavery was not abolished immediately because of Lincoln’s tepid decision-making . They believed that Lincoln took soft stance by not adopting emancipation in 1862. The radicals, who evidently belonged to the outer group of Lincoln, believed that Lincoln’s pragmatic decision making was not enough. However, Lincoln’s in-group believed that his decision relied on a broader perspective. Lincoln’s leadership style was that of a military commander who drove his followers to war. Nevertheless, he was not autocratic. Rather, he was a flexible and responsive leader. Further, Lincoln was a transformational leader who did not rely on overpowering his civilian subjects. When some suggested that force should be used to squash a rebellion, Lincoln dismissed the idea, even though it made him appear to be a hardline politician instead of a libertine. According to LMX model, in such a situation Lincoln should have pacified a few of his followers instead of following his individ ual decision. Abraham Lincoln was definitely a great leader. His leadership style was that of a calculative, shrewd politician with a great vision. Maybe he was not successful in delivering his vision to his followers and at times fell short of charisma. Nevertheless, he had a very strong band of followers. References Lunenburg, F. C. (2010). Leader-Member Exchange Theory: Another Perspective on the Leadership Process. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 13 (1), 1-5.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Author’s Choice: Leader Member Exchange Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Schneider, T. E. (2007). Lincoln and Leadership. Perspectives on Political Science, 36 (2), 69-72.

GALLO Surname Meaning and Family History

GALLO Surname Meaning and Family History The popular Italian surname Gallo has several possible origins. From the Latin  gallus, meaning cock, rooster, Gallo was often bestowed as a nickname for a proud person, especially one with a cocky or vain attitude. It may also have been used to describe someone with other attributes commonly attributed to a rooster, such as a loud voice, snappy dress, or sexual prowess. Gallo may also have originated as a name for someone from France or Gaul (Latin Gallus), or as a habitational name from any of several places named Gallo, especially common in southern Italy. The most prominent example is Gallo Matese in the Italian province of Caserta. Alternate Surname Spellings:  GALLI, GALLETTI, GALLINI, GALLONI, GALLONE, GALLUCCI, GALLELLI, GALLACCIOSurname Origin:  Italian, Spanish, Greek Famous People With the Last Name Gallo Ernest and Julio Gallo- brothers who built a company that at one time owned nearly half the vineyard acreage in CaliforniaJoey Gallo- New York City mobsterUlrich Galli- Swiss leader of the famous Bauernkreig Rebellion (Peasants Revolt) of 1623Robert Gallo- American biomedical researcher best known for  his role in the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the infectious agent responsible for AIDSAgostino Gallo- 16th century  Italian agronomist Where Is the Gallo Surname Most Common? The Gallo surname, according to surname distribution information from  Forebears, is primarily found in Italy, where it ranks as the 13th most common surname. It is also somewhat common in Monaco (97th), Argentina (116th) and Uruguay (142nd). WorldNames PublicProfiler  also supports the popularity of the Gallo surname in Italy, particularly in the Calabria, Campania and Piemonte regions. After Italy, the name is most common in Argentina, especially in the Gran Chaco region. Genealogy Resources Meanings of Common Italian Surnames: Uncover the meaning of your Italian last name with this free guide to Italian surname meanings and origins for the most common Italian surnames.Spanish Surname Meanings and Origins: Learn the naming patterns used for Hispanic surnames, as well as the meanings and origins of 50 of the most common Spanish surnames.Gallo Family Crest - Its Not What You Think: Contrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Gallo family crest or coat of arms for the Gallo surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.Gallo World Family Foundation: This foundations  primary mission is to conserve and promote the heritage and culture of the  Gallo  family throughout the worldGALLO Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is focused on descendants of Gallo ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Gallo ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.   FamilySearch - GALLO Genealogy: Explore over 460,000 results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Gallo surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Gallo Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Gallo surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries.The Gallo Genealogy and Family Tree Page: Browse genealogy records and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the Gallo surname from the website of Genealogy Today.Ancestry.com: Gallo Surname: Explore over 550,000 digitized records and database entries, including census records, passenger lists, military records, land deeds, probates, wills and other records for the Gallo surname on the subscription-based website, Ancestry.com Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Why do many small businesses fail Research Paper - 2

Why do many small businesses fail - Research Paper Example opting to launch a new product in the market, while launching a new product it will take various factors such as employment rate, interest rate and rules and regulations set by the government (Dodsworth, 1997, p.1980). The rate of employment will help the organization determine whether the individuals living in the nation have the power to purchase their product or not. If the rate of unemployment is high, individuals will focus on spending less and when individuals focus on spending less, they refrain from trying new products. Due to this all the investment and the finances invested to produce, promote and sell a new [product might go in vain. Secondly, the organization has to ensure that the product they are launching the activities they are going to conduct to launch the product are consistent with the rules and regulations of the country, this is because if the company fails to comply with a nations rules and regulations, it might have to face heavy sanctions and

Project Management The effectiveness of the plans Essay

Project Management The effectiveness of the plans - Essay Example Project management is the planning, organizing, directing and controlling of company resources for a relatively short-term objective that has been established to complete specific goals and objectives. For planning and organizing the resources, Program evaluation and review technique(PERT) and Critical Path Method (CPM) are widely used techniques for better planning and control in project management. It forms the basis for all planning and predicting and these techniques provide the management with the ability to plan for the best possible use of resources to achieve a goal within the stipulated time and allotted budget. These techniques which were used for defense during the World War II, are now used by business managers across the world to get a visibility of the activities involved in the project so that repetition of activities is reduced. It helps the management to handle the uncertainties involved in the program by analyzing how much time is required for each activity and which activity is crucial for the timely completion of the project. It is useful for the management to collect all the relevant information for making decisions. The major deficiency of other methods such as the Gantt, milestone or bubble chart is the inability to show the interdependencies between event s and activities, which is overcome in the network analysis. The foremost advantage of PERT is that it requires planning in detail to create a network of activities. Network development and critical path analysis reveal interdependencies and problem areas that are not very clear if other methods are used. The technique lays its focus on determining where the greatest effort should be made for a project to stay on schedule. The next greatest advantage of network analysis is that the business manager can know about the probability of meeting specified deadlines by development of alternative plans. Another advantage of this analysis is that we can evaluate the effect of changes in the program. For example this technique can evaluate the effect of contemplated shift of resources from the less critical activities to the activities that are identified as probable bottlenecks. Thus resources and performance tradeoffs can be evaluated. This analysis also helps to present even the most complicated data into a diagram which can be presented to the custo mer/ management which makes the understanding and decision making easier. The network diagram and the calculation of total float is shown in the appendix - 1 and 2 respectively. The total project duration is 73 days and the critical path for the project includes the activities A, B, I, J, L, M, N, O, P, R. If the project starts on May 5th, 2008, the earliest date it will be completed is 13th August, 2008 if it is assumed that there are 5 days working in every week. From the analysis, we can say that when there is a 4 day delay during Q or E, there will not be any change because these activities are not a part of the critical path. When activity P is finished one day in advance, then the whole project will

Blue Streak Essay Example for Free

Blue Streak Essay What suggestions would you offer to Art to improve his operation? It seems as though, Art prematurely opened the two locations in neighboring states. Because Art was a constant figure in his other locations from inception, the vision that he had for those locations were taught and able to be practiced to his standards. There are at least three areas in which this operation can be improved. It is clear that art believes that the common denominator in the success of all his other locations is his presence. At the locations in neighboring states his managers feel as though, he frequents the locations too much. There is a clear disconnect in his intent and their out look of the situation. His manager likely believe that he doesn’t trust them to effectively manage, and do the job in which they were hired. They likely seem his as a micromanager. I believe that this problem can be solved with simple communication. He explains the reasoning behind his constant visitations and I’m sure his manager will be able to understand his reasoning and that will relieve some of the tension. Also, his managers do not seem to know what Art is expecting of them as managers. This problem can be handled with training. Art may want to think about closing down his locations for a limited period of time in order to teach his managers what is expected of them. When Art visited these locations, it seems as though he never effectively What management skills must Art master if he is to resolve his problems and continue to grow? Conceptual skills may help him to understand that in order for the company to succeed he needs to plan and organize his goals. Using these skills increases the ability to see the organization as a whole. It would help Mr. Benton to understand the relationships among the different offices and see how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are cruel for the top management and will the company will grow and it will also allow Mr. Benton to grow as a person. Mr. Benton can apply the skills mastered in his company by realizing how the out-of-state offices are connected to the other offices. By understanding this he can understand the business as a whole and decide on the objectives and then proceeding to plan and organize management task. Therefore, mastering conceptual skills are  recommended to learn since it will help the CEO understand the company as whole making better decisions and resolving the problems at easier way.

Our Hike up Poly Canyon :: Descriptive Essays Observation

Our Hike up Poly Canyon If I had known what lay before me Monday morning on our hike up Poly Canyon, I would not have been so hesitant. After many attempts, my alarm finally woke me up at 6:30 am. As I stumbled into the shower and got ready, I was dreading our impending hike. I struggled to put on my shoes as my feet still ached with blisters from my last ascent of a local mountain. Less than two weeks earlier my WOW group traveled up Bishop’s Peak; an unpleasant adventure I was not eager to repeat. An hour later, still fighting to keep my eyes open, I met my class in the lobby and together we ascended to the gate of Poly Canyon to greet our Professor. By the time we stopped for our first rest, I had experienced a whirlwind of impressions. The cold, bitter air snapped at my skin. The sounds of campus life faded as we made our way to the back side of the mountain. In their place was the chirping of birds, crackling of leaves falling off trees and the bellows of nearby cows. In place of the redbrick dorms and Cerro Vista apartments of campus stood the shabby sheds and arenas of the Campus Farm. We passed dry, fruitless Serpentine rock on our way, and cactus grew opposite a barren river. Soon after passing an ancient oak tree, we discovered a group of deer staring back at us. We stopped to gaze at the assembly on a nearby hill, and once they scurried to the top we continued on our way. The novel sights, sounds and smells we experienced in the first twenty minutes of our adventure elevated my spirits and increased my anticipation for what was to come. After our break, we crossed a narrow bridge, passed through a grove of sweet-smelling trees, and began our ascent up the back side of the mountain. My sentiments quickly shifted back to ones of pain and regret. The wounds on my feet reopened and I was bleeding through my socks. My breath grew shorter and my face became redder from exhaustion. The views were just as disheartening, given that the dense fog hid the beauty of the hills. The only natural features visible were small, sharp rocks which further made my feet ache more, and yucca bushes, slightly more pleasant to the eye, but painful to the touch. Our Hike up Poly Canyon :: Descriptive Essays Observation Our Hike up Poly Canyon If I had known what lay before me Monday morning on our hike up Poly Canyon, I would not have been so hesitant. After many attempts, my alarm finally woke me up at 6:30 am. As I stumbled into the shower and got ready, I was dreading our impending hike. I struggled to put on my shoes as my feet still ached with blisters from my last ascent of a local mountain. Less than two weeks earlier my WOW group traveled up Bishop’s Peak; an unpleasant adventure I was not eager to repeat. An hour later, still fighting to keep my eyes open, I met my class in the lobby and together we ascended to the gate of Poly Canyon to greet our Professor. By the time we stopped for our first rest, I had experienced a whirlwind of impressions. The cold, bitter air snapped at my skin. The sounds of campus life faded as we made our way to the back side of the mountain. In their place was the chirping of birds, crackling of leaves falling off trees and the bellows of nearby cows. In place of the redbrick dorms and Cerro Vista apartments of campus stood the shabby sheds and arenas of the Campus Farm. We passed dry, fruitless Serpentine rock on our way, and cactus grew opposite a barren river. Soon after passing an ancient oak tree, we discovered a group of deer staring back at us. We stopped to gaze at the assembly on a nearby hill, and once they scurried to the top we continued on our way. The novel sights, sounds and smells we experienced in the first twenty minutes of our adventure elevated my spirits and increased my anticipation for what was to come. After our break, we crossed a narrow bridge, passed through a grove of sweet-smelling trees, and began our ascent up the back side of the mountain. My sentiments quickly shifted back to ones of pain and regret. The wounds on my feet reopened and I was bleeding through my socks. My breath grew shorter and my face became redder from exhaustion. The views were just as disheartening, given that the dense fog hid the beauty of the hills. The only natural features visible were small, sharp rocks which further made my feet ache more, and yucca bushes, slightly more pleasant to the eye, but painful to the touch.

Locke and Hobbes: Cause of Religious Toleration

Locke and Hobbes Cause of Religious Toleration Kevin Kang Professor Bartlett Section Leader: Alexander Duff Historically, Locke’s treatment of toleration was one riddled with religious change, religious turmoil, and political changes that were shaped largely by religious tensions. This was a time when religion, specifically the Christian Church, became fractioned and led to widespread war and death in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Locke’s Letter on Toleration promoted separation of church and state, arguing that each institution has legitimacy and power in certain areas.The state exists to protect people’s interests, and can use force to protect these interests. However, the state will not be able to coerce its people to believe in a certain religion. In Leviathan, Hobbes provides ideas that support Locke’s toleration of religion. Hobbes belief in the state of nature, state of war, and covenants helps to paint a clearer picture of a world withou t religious intoleration. Locke’s plea for tolerations is one of religious toleration in general but more specifically toleration among Christians.Locke speaks out against Christians whom â€Å"deprive (men) of their estates, maim them with corporal punishments, starve and torment them in noisome prisons, and in the end even take away their lives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Letter p. 24). This type of intolerance is itself intolerable because it violates many mandates that should characterize a true Christian. The mandates of charity and meekness are violated, and those who have committed these aggressive and violent actions against others are in themselves hypocritical. These people are usually careless about their own virtues, imposing on others something they don’t practice.According to Locke, instead of looking into others moral salvation, they should practice looking into their own moral salvations as well as the salvations of family and friends. These same people are spending time and effort on trivial things like doctrinal matters and ceremonial preferences. Locke urges that one should not worry so much about matters that, on the surface are nice and intricate, but â€Å"exceed(s) the capacity of ordinary understandings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Letter p. 24). Instead of wasting time on these futile activities, one should actively try to better oneself.Separation of church and state is an important premise that buttresses his argument throughout the letter. It is a separation of civil versus religious authority and who has power of what domain. Locke argues that civil government has certain responsibilities for its citizens, which include preserving and advancing the civil interests, well-being and life of its citizens. Locke defines the one who wields civil authority as a magistrate and it is the magistrate who is enjoined to tolerate any religious doctrine, provided that these doctrines do not violate rights or disrupt the peace.Locke is intolerable of violatio ns of rights of citizens and crime, or anything that disrupts the peace. Individuals do not have the power and position to respond and punish the criminals. That task is left to the magistrate. The magistrate has the ability to enforce laws through force but his coercive power must be kept out of religious matters, in so long as the religious matters do not hinder citizens’ rights and their peace. Locke believes that in religious matters, true belief in a religion requires more then the coercive power to make one believe.He argues if people are forced to believe in a religion against their will, it will not be as strong and effective unless the person consciously makes his own effort to believe. The ability for the magistrate to impose its power on its people is something Hobbes believes is a requirement and duty of a civil government. Men have an inclination towards peace, which is why men build commonwealths. Men want to get out of this state of war in favor of peace. There fore, men come together in a commonwealth to make a covenant with every other man to establish peace and order.This sovereign now has the authority to enforce civil laws. This is a necessity because men by themselves cannot externally judge conflicts and will be naturally inclined to certain biases. By agreeing to this covenant, the people bestow upon a man or group of men power over sovereign. This covenant also holds responsibility for the people because they are the ones who gave power to the magistrate. To actually ensure peace, Hobbes says that a sovereign of this power is necessary.The question of the individual’s coercive power is another argument in favor of religious toleration. â€Å"No private Person has any Right, in any manner, to prejudice another Person in his Civil Enjoyments, because he is of another Church or Religion† (Letter p. 31). Tolerance brings about respect for the autonomy of the other. Since religious beliefs are freely chosen, there is no r oom for coercion to be a useful end because coercion and freedom cannot coexist in religious matters. Skepticism is another way religious believers can tolerate others holding different religions.Every religious person must tolerate one another because it would be foolish to believe that one person can have all the truths to the world. Similarly, Hobbes supports this argument through the state of nature. Having the freedom to choose ones religion is from the fact that individually, we are all equal. Hobbes believes that people are equal in strength of body and manifest of mind. There are differences, obviously, but Hobbes argues that these differences do not amount to much. We are fundamentally equal because we all have the ability to kill one another, whether it is through force or deceit.This constant threat of war between man and man is an important reason why men try to constantly seek peace. This state of nature provides us the liberty to our own self-governing because in the s tate of nature, there is no authority over man. Since man has no authority over him in the state of nature, naturally it would mean that man has no authority over another man. However, Hobbes continues that this natural condition of mankind is decidedly undesirable and should be avoided. From the natural state of man the desire for a stable government arises.Men are naturally equal but Hobbes believes self-preservation can only be had by constantly trying to acquire new property, or power. Power is the man’s means to some future good and the acquisition of more power is a constant cycle. Concerning the question of religious power, religious authorities also do not have the power for any coercive actions. Since religious authorities do not have the power to change someone who is not willing, they must respect and tolerate other religious churches or societies, even if there is disagreement with certain doctrines.Locke’s reasoning for the toleration of other churches ste ms from the belief of orthodoxy of the church. Every church believes that it is the Orthodox Church but Locke argues that people can never know which is the true Orthodox Church. However, he goes on to say that the true Church is the one that practices the idea of toleration. Despite Locke’s adamant stance on toleration, Locke does discuss certain beliefs that should not be tolerated. Locke specifically targets atheism because he believes that men should enter into some religious society because God should be publically worshipped.To Locke, atheists are the weak bones to a society because covenants and promises have no power over atheists. This causes problems within society because covenants and promises are the bonds of human society. Similarly, Locke also considers Catholics intolerable because of the political threat they represent. Catholic’s pledge allegiance to a foreign king. Locke views this as a problem because it brings into question who the Catholic pledges his loyalty to, the foreign king or his homeland king. Locke says that a person should be under the rightful king and not a foreign king.This means that any foreign jurisdiction in one’s country and any influence from the Vatican State is not acceptable. Locke also mentions odd religious practices, such as human sacrifice, as intolerable. The magistrate should make a conscious effort to not tolerate such practices because it could hurt society as a whole. Just because something is a religious matter should not dictate the legality of the practice. Hobbes would probably agree that atheists would not be tolerable under the condition that covenants and promises are not kept because they hold no power over atheists.Hobbes First Law of Nature is that human beings always seek a state of peace because it is the most advantageous to their survival. The Second Law of Nature is the creation of covenants. In Hobbes’s mind, the ideal covenant would be a leviathan government that would make and regulate laws very effectively. The Third Law of Nature is derived from the second, which states that it is necessary for men to perform their covenants. From these three laws, as stated earlier, men create a commonwealth to ensure peace. If covenants hold no power over atheists, the commonwealth and essentially peace is destroyed.Hobbes is adamant that to fortify this social contract, the members of the contract need steps to prevent others from breaching it. The Third Law of Nature creates a society where peace is established, but if a citizen is not held under contract, the political disruptions are more likely to occur. Locke’s primary rationale for toleration in the individual is the self-governing of the other. In Christina writing, loving ones neighbors is a key element in a Christian’s salvation. Locke emphasizes that one should only care for one’s own salvation rather than worrying about his neighbors or others religious teachings.By prac ticing toleration, one must ignore the content and be satisfied with the fact that the other has reached his conclusion autonomously. Before worrying about someone else, Locke urges that one must focus on ones own salvation because there are many instances where hypocrisy can rise by imposing ones beliefs. However, there are instances where non-intervention can be unjust because some matters are so offensive, it would be unjust to let it slide. Matters where injury or death can occur are justifiable for others to intervene.Even though this Lockean autonomy works most of the time, there are times where it would not. Locke’s reasoning for writing this letter, on the surface, seems to be from a religious perspective. However, a careful reading of the letter suggests that Locke is not interested in religious doctrines or practices. Locke finds that the religious differences are too insignificant for discussion. Although it is a letter concerning toleration of religion, this toler ation is meant to benefit from a political standpoint. Reading the document with this point of view shows that Locke was writing it exclusively political in nature.Even though there was widespread religious violence and opposing opinions during the time Locke wrote the letter, it was a way for Locke to talk about the politics of society. This document was on religious toleration only because Locke viewed religion as having potential for civil disruption. This letter is a way for Locke to say what he believed was the means for maintaining peace and stability. To maintain peace and stability in a society requires sovereignty. The sovereign has the power and authority to govern its principality.Because it has the power to govern, it also gives the sovereign the right to use coercion. This does not give the right to religious institutions to use coercion because it has historically not worked in favor of the religion. The separation of church and state is therefore a way that Locke fore sees peace in sovereign. Peace in sovereign is an important aspect to Hobbes’s Leviathan perspective because he views peace as the main reason we create societies. Religious toleration is therefore a tool that both Locke and Hobbes would advocate because it creates peace and unity in a sovereign.

Dowry system in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Essay

This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia’s quality standards. The specific problem is: reference formatting. Please help improve this article if you can. (March 2013) In India, dowry (Hindi: , Daheja in Hindi)[1] is the payment in cash or some kind of gifts given to bridegroom’s family along with the bride. Generally they include cash, jewellery,[2] electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, crockery, utensils and other household items that help the newly-wed set up her home. The dowry system is thought to put great financial burden[3] on the bride’s family. It has been one of the reasons for families and women in India resorting to sex selection [4] in favor of sons. [5] This has distorted the sex ratio of India (940 females per thousand males [6])and has given rise to female foeticide. [7] The payment of a dowry has been prohibited under The 1961 Dowry Prohibition Act in Indian civil law and subsequently by Sections 304B and 498a of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). Contents [hide] 1 Domestic violence 2 Laws 3 False dowry allegations 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Domestic violence[edit] In 2001 nearly 7,000 dowry deaths[8] were registered in India over inadequate dowry, apart from other mental trauma cases. [9] Bride burning,[10] inducing suicides, physical and mental torture by their husband or in-laws is sometimes found to be done if the bride fails to bring sufficient dowry. [11] There are laws like Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 that help to reduce domestic violence and to protect women’s rights. Laws[edit] See also: Dowry law in India Dowry became prohibited by law in 1961 with the purpose of prohibiting the demanding, giving and taking of dowry. To stop the offences of cruelty by husband or his relatives on the wife, section 498-A was added in Indian Penal Code and section 198-A in the Criminal Procedure Code in the year 1983. False dowry allegations[edit] The dowry law (article 498a) is thought to sometimes have been misused[12] by women to lodge false or exaggerated complaints against husbands and entire extended family accusing them of cruel behavior. As per the data only 2% of the cases registered for dowry demand have led to conviction of the groom or groom’s family. This had raised questions about rampant misuse of dowry laws in India by women to harass husband’s family. According to one survey conducted by reputed Indian news magazine India Today, over 90% of government servants actively seek and get dowry in marriage. It is a common feature for unmarried government servants to seek dowry relevant to the market rates of their post. These rates are sky-high, with an estimate of dowry rates for a bachelor IAS Officer (Indian Administrative Services) being as high as Rs 50 Lac to Rs 5 Crore (up to USD 1 Million). These high rates are one of the primary reasons for corruption as young IAS officers after marriage are forced to take bribes to maintain their new lifestyle and match the financial status of their wealthy in-laws. See also[edit] Dowry law in India Female foeticide in India References[edit] 1. Jump up ^ Godrej ‘Nupur Jagruti’- Dahej Ke Khilaf Ek Awaz 2. Jump up ^ â€Å"Dowry death: Police recovers Payal’s items†. Tribune. 3. Jump up ^ â€Å"Indian Man Accused of Killing Wife Who Refused to Abort Third Daughter†. National Right To Life News Today. May 17, 2011. 4. Jump up ^ â€Å"Govt looks to tighten abortion norms†. The Times Of India. 5. Jump up ^ Son preference attitude among Indian parents – A silent emergency | TwoCircles. net 6. Jump up ^ Census of India – India at a Glance : Sex Ratio 7. Jump up ^ â€Å"Kashmir’s ‘missing girls'†. Agence France-Presse. 2011-05-19. 8. Jump up ^ Ash, Lucy (2003-07-16). â€Å"India’s dowry deaths†. BBC News. 9. Jump up ^ â€Å"Till death do us part†. Deccan Herald. 20 May 2011. 10. Jump up ^ â€Å"School ‘pays dowry’ to save girls from childhood marriage†. CNN. 2011-06-16. 11. Jump up ^ â€Å"Rising dowry cases cast shadow over nuptial knot†. The Times of India. 2013-09-17. 12. Jump up ^ â€Å"Amend dowry law to stop its misuse, SC tells govt†. The Times Of India. 2010-08-17.

A Dicourse on Povery essays

A Dicourse on Povery essays It is the common misconception that poverty is the fault of individuals, as we can see by the passing of various new laws and acts (for example the 1996 welfare reform act). But it is the imperfection of our social structure that is to blame. These flaws allow the perpetuation of poverty. This unending cycle is a stark contrast to the American ideal that everyone has the opportunity to succeed in our society. A debate that illustrates this argument is centered on a concept known as the "culture of poverty" (Lewis, 1965). The question then becomes what is the culture of poverty? The term culture of poverty is from the work of Oscar Lewis. Lewis as well as others argue that there are certain cultural characteristics among the poor in industrial capitalist societies. Furthermore, Lewis and others agree that poor people in such societies display characteristics and values that are not held by the non-poor in those same societies. "These characteristics are: the absence of childhood as a specially prolonged and protected stage in the life-cycle, early initiation into sex, free unions or consensual marriages, a relatively high incidents of abandonment of wives and children, a tend toward female or mother-centered families, a strong predisposition toward authoritarianism , lack of privacy, verbal emphasis upon family solidarity which is only rarely achieved because of sibling rivalry, and competition for limited goods and maternal affection." (Lewis, 1965) These characteristics are predominant among the poor because they allow the poor to adapt to their environment. This acculturation, however, makes the escape from poverty all the more difficult. Therefore, the effect of this cycle is that it is passed from generation to generation, thus keeping the poor people poor. As long as the poor retain their culture of poverty they will remain poor. It can be said that this argument sounds as though the poor are responsible for their plig...

Die Prinzen Deutschland and Millionär German Lyrics

Die Prinzen 'Deutschland' and 'Millionr' German Lyrics Pop music fans in German-speaking countries are very familiar with the band Die Prinzen. They topped the charts in the 80s and  90s with songs like  Deutschland and  Millionr, and their songs are filled with satirical lyrics about German society. If you have yet to discover this famous pop band, now is a perfect time. Two of their hit songs are included below with a direct English translation that demonstrates the bands humor. An Introduction to Die Prinzen (The Princes) With 14 gold and six platinum records  and over five million recordings sold, Die Prinzen (pronounced  DEE PRINT-sen)  are one of the most popular German pop bands of all time. Before they became Die Prinzen, the groups members were all in the Thomanerchor of the Thomaskirche (St. Thomas Church) in Leipzig, which is one reason they specialize in  a capella  music (singing without instrumental accompaniment). In the 1980s, the bands members were Sebastian Krumbiegel, Wolfgang Lenk, Jens Sembner, and Henri Schmidt. The lyrics of their songs are usually satiric and humorous, with tongue-in-cheek criticism of the German government and German society. In 1990, the bands album Das Leben ist grausam, and the singles Gabi und Klaus and  Millionr  were big hits. The band gained more recognition when it toured with Germanys Rock-Opa  Udo Lindenberg  in 1992. Their second album, Kà ¼ssen verboten, with its title hit song, sold well. In later albums, the band also added an instrumental techno sound to their voices. After a lull in the late 1990s, Die Prinzen regained their popularity in Germany with the popular song Olli Kahn, referring to Germanys World Cup star goalie Oliver Kahn. The band has played concert tours in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Luxembourg.   Popular Songs A few of Die Prinzens songs were really big hits, and many of them can be found on the Ganz  oben  - Hits album as well as the albums they were originally released on. Millionr (1987) Album: Das Leben ist grausamAlles nur  geklaut (1993) Album: Alles nur  geklautKà ¼ssen verboten  (1992) Album: Kà ¼ssen verbotenSchwein sein  (1995) Album: SchweineSchlottersteinhymne  (1996) Album: Die CD  mit  der  mausDeutschland  (2001) Album: D Deutschland Lyrics Album: DReleased: 2001 Deutschland  is an irreverent, satirical song that makes a few pointed remarks about the homeland of Die Prinzen. This single from the album D (for Deutschland) was released on the 40th anniversary of the building of the Berlin Wall in 2001.   Some references in the song text are borrowed from right-wing, neo-Nazi phrases and the opening chorus of Deutsch, deutsch, deutsch... is reminiscent of Nazi times. But the song satirizes such overt patriotism and other behaviors that are typisch Deutsch. In case theres any doubt that this is satire, Die Prinzen use their favorite word (Schwein) at the very end to replace sein (to be). Below you will find the original German lyrics to Deutschland along with an English translation. Only the primary verses have been included and the chorus  Deutsch,  deutsch,  deutsch... is repeated between most verses. WARNING: Some words in these lyrics may be offensive to some people.   German Lyrics Direct Translation by Hyde Flippo Natrlich hat ein Deutscher Wetten, dass* erfundenVielen Dank fr die schnen StundenWir sind die freundlichsten Kunden auf dieser WeltWir sind bescheiden - wir haben GeldDie Allerbesten in jedem SportDie Steuern hier sind WeltrekordBereisen Sie Deutschland und bleiben Sie hierAuf diese Art von Besuchern warten wirEs kann jeder hier wohnen, dem es geflltWir sind das freundlichste Volk auf dieser Welt Of course a German invented Wetten, dass*Many thanks for the enjoyable hoursWere the friendliest customers in this worldWere modest - we have moneyThe very best in any sportThe taxes here set a world recordVisit Germany and stay hereIts this kind of visitor we wait forAnyone who likes it can live hereWere the friendliest people in this world Nur eine Kleinigkeit ist hier verkehrtUnd zwar, dass Schumacher** keinen Mercedes fhrt Just one little thing is out of whackAnd that is, Schumacher** doesnt drive a Mercedes Refrain:Das alles ist Deutschland - das alles sind wirDas gibt es nirgendwo anders - nur hier, nur hierDas alles ist Deutschland - das sind alles wirWir leben und wir sterben hier Refrain:All that is Germany - all that is usYou wont find that anywhere else - only here only hereAll that is Germany - all that is usWe live and die here Es bilden sich viele was auf Deutschland einUnd mancher findet es geil, ein Arschloch zu seinEs gibt manchen, der sich gern ber Kanaken beschwertUnd zum Ficken jedes Jahr nach Thailand fhrtWir lieben unsere Autos mehr als unsere FraunDenn deutschen Autos knnen wir vertraunGott hat die Erde nur einmal geksstGenau an dieser Stelle, wo jetzt Deutschland istWir sind berall die besten - natrlich auch im BettUnd zu Hunden und Katzen besonders nett Many people are arrogant about GermanyAnd some think its cool to be an aholeThere are some who like to complain about Kanaken [foreigners]And travel to Thailand every year to f-We love our cars more than our womenBecause we can trust German carsGod kissed the earth just onceRight on the spot where Germany is nowWere the best everywhere - naturally also in bedAnd were especially nice to dogs and cats Wir sind besonders gut im Auf-die-Fresse-haunauch im Feuerlegen kann man uns vertraunWir stehn auf Ordnung und SauberkeitWir sind jederzeit fr nen Krieg bereitSchnen Gru an die Welt, seht es endlich einWir knnen stolz auf Deutschland... SCHWEIN! Were really good at busting someone in the chopsWe can also be relied on for starting firesWe like order and cleanlinessWere always ready for a warFriendly greetings to the world, understandWe can be proud of Germany... SWINE! Millionr Lyrics   Album: Das Leben ist grausamReleased: 1987 Millionr is another of  Prinzens hit  songs. It was first released on the Das Leben ist grausam (Life is Cruel)  album. The lyrics are about how great it would be to become a millionaire and, as you can see, it is definitely another satirical song. Again, the main verses of this song have been included here with the English translation. The phrase Ich wr so gerne Millionr... (I would love to be a millionaire) is repeated between most verses. German Lyrics Direct Translation by Hyde Flippo Ich wr so gerne MillionrDann wr mein Konto niemals leerIch wr so gerne MillionrMillionenschwerIch wr so gerne Millionr Id really like to be a millionaireThen my account would never be emptyId really like to be a millionaireWorth millionsId really like to be a millionaire (Geld, Geld, Geld...) (Money, money, money...) Ich hab kein Geld hab keine Ahnung, doch ich hab n groes MaulBin weder Doktor noch Professor, aber ich bin stinkend faulIch habe keine reiche Freundin und keinen reichen FreundVon viel Kohle hab ich bisher leider nur getrumt I have no money, have no clue, but I do have a big mouthIm neither a doctor nor a professor, but Im terribly lazyI have no rich girl friend and no rich male friendUnfortunately, up to now Ive only dreamed of having dough Was soll ich tun, was soll ich machen, bin vor Kummer schon halb krankHab mir schon paar Mal berlegt: Vielleicht knackst du eine BankDoch das ist leider sehr gefhrlich, bestimmt werd ich gefasstUnd auerdem bin ich doch ehrlich und will nicht in den Knast What should I do, what should I try? Im half sick with worryA few times before I thought: Perhaps you could rob a bankBut unfortunately thats very dangerous; Id get caught for sureAnd besides Im actually honest and I dont want to go to jail Es gibt so viele reiche Witwen, die begehrn mich sehrSie sind scharf auf meinen Krper, doch den geb ich nicht herIch glaub das wrd ich nicht verkraften um keinen Preis der WeltDeswegen werd ich lieber Popstar und schwimm in meinem Geld There are so many rich widows who want me badlyTheyre hot for my body, but I wont give it to themI dont think I could handle that for any price in the worldThats why Id rather become a pop star and swim in my money The German lyrics are provided for educational use only. No infringement of copyright is implied or intended. The  literal, prose translations of the  original German  lyrics is by Hyde Flippo.

Full Body Scanners Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Full Body Scanners - Article Example airport security policies. In response, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) installed the full body scanners, called mainly as â€Å"naked body scanners†, in the main airports of the country. These scanners can de roughly divided into two types: â€Å"millimeter wave† machines, which are based on electromagnetic field use and are considered safe for all people, pregnant women in particular. Another type is a â€Å"backscatter† machine, based on low ionizing radiation emission. It is stated that X-rays of such scanners do not penetrate a body but â€Å"jump back† to a screen and form a body 3-D image. The TSA Administrator John Pistole and Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano stated that the new methods of checking are essential in view of the fact that traditional metal detectors and non-intrusive inspections are clearly ineffective and inadequate in the circumstances concerned. The use of new technologies and new procedures is to ensu re our safety, as the terrorists still continue to plan, Pistole stated. Napolitano has made it clear that her agency will not stop at what has been accomplished and will spread the new checking system to railway and subway stations in the future. By the end of 2010 there were over 100 full body scanners in 32 airports. Right now their number grew up to over 450 units and no end in sight. The authorities plan to set about a thousand of these devices, which will cost approximately $ 300 million (Holbrook, 11). Such measures stirred up a fierce discussion. Some Americans refer to the Fourth Amendment, stating that their privacy is violated. Some opposed the new security measures due to their natural modesty and ethic issues. Some do not accept everything that was done by the present-day administration. The others worry about ionizing radiation emitted by the new scanners, although the experts say that in a flying airliner any passenger gets much more roentgens than from body scanning. Finally, all the fears and suspicions against the scanners and alternative airport screening processes made human rights activists and libertarians take up arms against such novelties. One of the latter, Texas Republican Congressman Ron Paul, even introduced a law in draft to the House of Representatives - Air Traveler Dignity Act that protects Americans against full body scanners. Paul pretends to summarize all the negative opinions of passengers and pilots and his own as well, calling TSA and its methods the â€Å"Soviet-style nonsense.† Paul Sr., a gynecologist by profession, also expresses deep concerns about a radiation emitted by the new scanners. He was echoed by the U.S. Representative for Tennessee John Duncan, who plainly told in the Congress that a â€Å"nationwide revolt† against airport body scanning machines spreads all over the country and that’s good! And it’s not about ethics or risk for cancer even. Duncan pointedly noted in his speech that the former Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff now â€Å"represents Rapiscan, which sells these scanners to his former agency.† On the other hand, most Democrats support the new order. Most of their fellow citizens are also ready to put up with the new naked body scanners. As the recent poll of the Washington Post-ABC News shows, only 32% of respondents are determined against the scanners. But abusive and invasive searches in airports have split the public opinion in America in half: 50% of respondents were against them. Especially revealing, in this concern, was the

Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

Frankenstein - Essay Example Viktor is a young man with a lovely family that does not seem to satisfy him. Viktor’s main problem is a passion for science. Since his parents have the little scientific knowledge, Viktor chooses to learn by himself. Eventually, he leaves home to join the university, an opportunity that gives him the time to focus on his scientific interests. At the University, Viktor spends most of the time in the laboratory working on his newly found project (Shelley 52). He has few friends and does not bother about his social life. Worse still, he keeps no contact with his family and rarely has time to think about his family members. His obsession with creating a living thing transforms him into an individual who prefers complete solitude. Viktor’s alienation does not end with the success of his project. He continues to isolate himself from the world in an effort to keep his secret that he created the monster that kills his brother, best friend, and the bride. Viktor is the epitome of alienation throughout Shelley’s novel (38). Shelley makes alienation evident through the creature that Viktor created. Evidently, Viktor used the organs of dead bodies to create a strange living thing whose appearance was extremely different from that of humans. Therefore, the creature’s appearance explains why human families are not willing to accept him. He ventures into villages seeking to find some love and acceptance. However, the creature highlights that, â€Å"I had hardly placed my foot within the door before the children shrieked, and one of the women fainted. The whole village was roused; some fled, some attacked me† (101). The creature does not find any form of love or acceptance from humans. The only person willing to listen to his story was an old blind man. The creature’s alienation becomes unbearable a factor that compels him to become violent. Since he can no longer bear the alienation, he